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 📚 Chapter: Solutions – Class 12 Chemistry Notes --- 🔸 Introduction: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. This chapter discusses different types of solutions, concentration terms, Raoult's law, and colligative properties. --- 🔹 1. Types of Solutions Solute Solvent Example Solid Liquid Sugar in water Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water Gas Liquid Oxygen in water Binary solution: Two components (solute + solvent) --- 🔹 2. Concentration Terms Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100 Mole Fraction (χ) = moles of one component / total moles Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in L Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg --- 🔹 3. Solubility Solubility of solid in liquid increases with temperature Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with temperature but increases with pressure Henry’s Law: p = KH × x (p = partial pressure, x = mole fraction of gas) --- 🔹 4. Raoult’s Law For liquid-liquid solutions: Partial vapour pressu...

 🧪 Chapter 2: Solutions – Class 12 Chemistry Notes Label: Chemistry, Class 12, Solutions --- 🔹 Introduction A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in larger quantity is called solvent, and the one in smaller quantity is called solute. --- 🧫 Types of Solutions (Based on Physical State) Type Solute Solvent Example Solid in liquid Sugar Water Sugar solution Gas in liquid CO₂ Water Soda water Liquid in liquid Alcohol Water Alcohol in water Solid in solid Copper Gold Alloy (Gold coin) --- 📏 Concentration of Solutions 1. Mass Percentage (w/w): = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100 2. Volume Percentage (v/v): = (Volume of solute / Volume of solution) × 100 3. Molarity (M): = (Moles of solute / Volume of solution in L) 4. Molality (m): = (Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg) 5. Mole Fraction (χ): = (Moles of component / Total moles of all components) --- ⚠️ Solubility Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolve...