Solutions – Class 12 Chemistry Notes | CBSE NCERT Based

 ๐Ÿ“š Chapter: Solutions – Class 12 Chemistry Notes



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๐Ÿ”ธ Introduction:


A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. This chapter discusses different types of solutions, concentration terms, Raoult's law, and colligative properties.



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๐Ÿ”น 1. Types of Solutions


Solute Solvent Example


Solid Liquid Sugar in water

Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water

Gas Liquid Oxygen in water



Binary solution: Two components (solute + solvent)




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๐Ÿ”น 2. Concentration Terms


Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100


Mole Fraction (ฯ‡) = moles of one component / total moles


Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in L


Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg




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๐Ÿ”น 3. Solubility


Solubility of solid in liquid increases with temperature


Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with temperature but increases with pressure



Henry’s Law:

p = KH × x

(p = partial pressure, x = mole fraction of gas)



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๐Ÿ”น 4. Raoult’s Law


For liquid-liquid solutions:

Partial vapour pressure ∝ mole fraction

→ pA = pA⁰ × xA

→ Total pressure = pA + pB


Ideal solution: Obeys Raoult’s law


Non-ideal solution: Shows deviation (positive or negative)




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๐Ÿ”น 5. Colligative Properties


Depend on number of solute particles:


1. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

ฮ”p / p⁰ = ฯ‡B



2. Elevation of Boiling Point

ฮ”Tb = Kb × m



3. Depression of Freezing Point

ฮ”Tf = Kf × m



4. Osmotic Pressure (ฯ€)

ฯ€ = CRT

(C = concentration, R = gas constant, T = temp)





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๐Ÿ”น 6. Abnormal Molar Mass & van’t Hoff Factor


Observed molar mass ≠ actual due to association/dissociation


van’t Hoff factor (i) = observed colligative property / calculated property




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๐Ÿ“Œ Conclusion:


Solutions chapter helps in understanding concentration, solubility, vapor pressure, and effects of solutes. These concepts have practical applications in chemistry, biology, 

and medicine.



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✍️ Written by: Shahid – Study with Shahid

๐Ÿ”— Visit: https://shahidnotes12.blogspot.com

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