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 ✍️ Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes --- 🔶 Introduction to Biotechnology Biotechnology is the branch of biology that deals with the use of living organisms and biological systems to develop products and technologies for human use. Modern biotechnology involves genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering. --- 🔷 Principles of Biotechnology There are two core techniques that enabled the growth of modern biotechnology: 1. Genetic Engineering – Altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA/RNA) to introduce desirable traits. 2. Bioprocess Engineering – Maintenance of sterile conditions to allow growth of only the desired microbe. --- 🧬 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology 1. Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissors) Cut DNA at specific sites called recognition sequences. Example: EcoRI – Cuts between G and A in GAATTC. Types: Exonucleases – Remove nucleotides from ends. Endonucleases – Cut within the DNA. 📌 Diagram: Action of Restriction Endonuclease on DNA ---...

  Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production --- 🔹 Introduction This chapter focuses on improving quantity and quality of food through biological and technological methods. Major strategies: Plant breeding, Animal husbandry, Tissue culture, Genetic engineering --- 🔹 Animal Husbandry Management of farm animals for milk, meat, eggs. Includes: Dairy farming (milk production) Poultry farming (egg & meat) Fishery (aquaculture + pisiculture) Bee keeping (Apiculture) 📌 Diagram: Dairy farm setup / Poultry structure --- 🔹 Plant Breeding Purpose: Develop better quality, disease-resistant and high-yielding crops. Steps: 1. Collection of Variability 2. Evaluation and Selection 3. Hybridisation 4. Selection and Testing 5. Release of New Varieties --- 📌 Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance Conventional and molecular breeding. Resistant varieties: Wheat: HUW 206 Rice: Ratna, Laxmi --- 📌 Plant Breeding for Improved Nutrition Biofortification: Improving nutritional quality ...