Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production – Class 12 Biology Notes | Full Chapter Summary

  Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

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🔹 Introduction

This chapter focuses on improving quantity and quality of food through biological and technological methods.

Major strategies: Plant breeding, Animal husbandry, Tissue culture, Genetic engineering

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🔹 Animal Husbandry

Management of farm animals for milk, meat, eggs.

Includes:

Dairy farming (milk production)

Poultry farming (egg & meat)

Fishery (aquaculture + pisiculture)

Bee keeping (Apiculture)

📌 Diagram: Dairy farm setup / Poultry structure

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🔹 Plant Breeding

Purpose: Develop better quality, disease-resistant and high-yielding crops.

Steps:

1. Collection of Variability

2. Evaluation and Selection

3. Hybridisation

4. Selection and Testing

5. Release of New Varieties

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📌 Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance

Conventional and molecular breeding.

Resistant varieties:

Wheat: HUW 206

Rice: Ratna, Laxmi

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📌 Plant Breeding for Improved Nutrition

Biofortification: Improving nutritional quality of crops.

e.g. Protein-rich maize, iron-fortified rice.

📌 Diagram: Steps of plant breeding process

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🔹 Single Cell Protein (SCP)

Protein from microbes like Spirulina, Methylophilus.

High protein content, used as supplement.

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🔹 Tissue Culture

Totipotency: Ability of a single plant cell to develop into a full plant.

Use: Micropropagation (rapid cloning of plants)

Production of somaclones, disease-free plants.

📌 Diagram: Stages in plant tissue culture

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🧪 Genetic Engineering in Food Production

Producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Example: Bt cotton, Golden rice

📌 Diagram: Flowchart of tissue culture and somatic hybridisation

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🧠 Summary Points:

Animal breeding improves livestock quality.

Plant breeding enhances disease resistance and nutrition.

Tissue culture enables fast multiplication.

SCP and GM crops help meet global food demands.

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🖼️ Important Diagrams to Include:

1. Dairy & poultry farm layout

2. Steps of plant breeding

3. Disease-resistant crop chart

4. Biofortification comparison

5. Tissue culture process (callus to plant)

6. SCP production (Spirulina-based)

7. S

omatic hybridisation steps

8. Flowchart: Food enhancement strategies

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✍️ Written by: Shahid – Study with Shahid

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