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 📚 Chapter: Electrochemistry – Class 12 Chemistry Notes --- 🔸 Introduction: Electrochemistry is the study of the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. It includes redox reactions, electrochemical cells, electrode potentials, and electrolysis. --- 🔹 1. Electrochemical Cell Converts chemical energy → electrical energy Also called Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell Example: Daniel Cell (Zn | Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu) Cell Notation: Anode (oxidation) || Cathode (reduction) e.g., Zn | Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu --- 🔹 2. Electrode Potential Reduction Potential (E°red): Tendency to gain electrons Oxidation Potential (E°ox): Tendency to lose electrons Standard electrode potential measured under: 1 M concentration 1 atm pressure 25°C temperature --- 🔹 3. EMF of Cell E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode If E°cell > 0 → reaction is spontaneous --- 🔹 4. Nernst Equation Used to calculate cell potential under non-standard conditions: E = E° - \frac{0.0591}{n} \log \frac{[Products]}{[Reactants]} W...