Study with shahid

 🦠 Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare --- 🔹 Introduction Microbes = Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses. Helpful in: Food industry Medicine Agriculture Sewage treatment Biogas production --- 🔹 Microbes in Household Products Lactobacillus – used to curdle milk Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) – used in bread and alcoholic beverages Fermented foods – dosa, idli, toddy 📌 Diagram: Fermentation process in food preparation --- 🔹 Microbes in Industrial Products Product Microbe Ethanol Saccharomyces cerevisiae Citric acid Aspergillus niger Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti Antibiotic (Penicillin) Penicillium notatum 📌 Diagram: Fermenter setup in industry --- 🔹 Microbes in Antibiotics Antibiotic = Substance produced by microbe that kills other microbes First antibiotic: Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming (1928) --- 🔹 Microbes in Chemicals, Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules Streptokinase (clot buster) – Streptococcus Cyclosporin A (immunosuppressant) – Trichoderma polyspo...

  Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production --- 🔹 Introduction This chapter focuses on improving quantity and quality of food through biological and technological methods. Major strategies: Plant breeding, Animal husbandry, Tissue culture, Genetic engineering --- 🔹 Animal Husbandry Management of farm animals for milk, meat, eggs. Includes: Dairy farming (milk production) Poultry farming (egg & meat) Fishery (aquaculture + pisiculture) Bee keeping (Apiculture) 📌 Diagram: Dairy farm setup / Poultry structure --- 🔹 Plant Breeding Purpose: Develop better quality, disease-resistant and high-yielding crops. Steps: 1. Collection of Variability 2. Evaluation and Selection 3. Hybridisation 4. Selection and Testing 5. Release of New Varieties --- 📌 Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance Conventional and molecular breeding. Resistant varieties: Wheat: HUW 206 Rice: Ratna, Laxmi --- 📌 Plant Breeding for Improved Nutrition Biofortification: Improving nutritional quality ...

 🧬 Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease – Class 12 Biology --- 🔹 What is Health? A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. WHO defines health as not just absence of disease. Factors affecting health: Nutrition, environment, lifestyle, social conditions. --- 🔹 Common Diseases: A. Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, helminths). Examples: Disease Causative Organism Transmission Typhoid Salmonella typhi Contaminated food/water Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Air (droplets) Common Cold Rhinovirus Direct contact Malaria Plasmodium (protozoa) Female Anopheles mosquito Ascariasis Ascaris (worm) Contaminated food/water Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Mosquito bite 📌 Important Diagram: Plasmodium life cycle in humans and mosquito --- B. Non-Infectious Diseases: Caused by genetic, lifestyle or environmental factors. Examples: Cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension 📌 Diagram: Difference between benign and malignant tumor cells --- 🔹 Imm...

 🧬 Chapter 7: Evolution – Class 12 Biology Notes 🔹 Introduction Evolution refers to the gradual changes occurring in living organisms over millions of years. It explains the origin of new species from pre-existing ones through various mechanisms like mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, etc. --- 🔹 Origin of Life Big Bang Theory: Universe originated about 20 billion years ago. Early Earth: Formed around 4.5 billion years ago; no oxygen, only methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor. Chemical Evolution: Life began from non-living molecules (Oparin-Haldane theory). Miller-Urey Experiment: Simulated early Earth conditions and created organic molecules (amino acids). 📌 Important Diagram: Miller and Urey's Experiment Setup --- 🔹 Theories of Evolution 1. Lamarckism: Proposed by Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters. Example: Giraffe's long neck. 2. Darwinism (Natural Selection): Proposed by Charles Darwin. Survival of the fittest. Based on: Var...