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 🧲 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance – Class 12 Physics Notes --- 🔹 Introduction This chapter deals with electric potential, potential energy, equipotential surfaces, and capacitors. It is a continuation of Chapter 1 (Electric Charges and Fields). --- ⚡ Electrostatic Potential Definition: Work done per unit charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to that point. Formula: V = W / q₀ --- 📌 Potential due to a Point Charge Formula: V = (1 / 4πε₀) × (q / r) --- 📘 Potential due to System of Charges Total Potential: V_total = V₁ + V₂ + V₃ + ... --- 🧪 Electrostatic Potential Energy Energy stored due to interaction of charges: U = (1 / 4πε₀) × (q₁q₂ / r) --- 🌀 Equipotential Surface Surface where potential is constant. Electric field is perpendicular to it. No work is done in moving a charge on this surface. --- 🧮 Relation Between E and V Formula: E = - dV / dr --- 🔋 Capacitors Device used to store charge and energy. --- 📏 Capacitance (C) Defined as: C = Q / V Unit: Fara...